Age related macular degeneration is a degenerative condition of the macula caused by the hardening of the arteries that nourish the retina. This deprives the sensitive retinal tissue of oxygen and nutrients that it needs to function and thrive. As a result the central vision deteriorates.

Diabetic Retinopathy is the effect of diabetes on the eye. Over time, diabetes affects the circulatory system of the retina, causing the arteries to weaken and leak forming small, dot-like haemorrhages. These leaking vessels may lead to swelling in the retina and if left untreated, blood may leak into the retina and vitreous, causing spots or floaters along with decreased vision. In the later phases of the disease, continued abnormal vessel growth and scar tissue may cause serious problems such as retinal detachment and glaucoma.

Retinal Detachment occurs when the retinal sensory and pigment layers separate. There are three types of retinal
detachment. The most common type occurs when there is a break in the sensory layer of the retina, and fluid seeps
underneath, causing the layers of the retina to separate. The second most common type occurs when strands of
vitreous or scar tissue create traction on the retina, pulling it loose. Patients with diabetes are more likely to
experience this type. The third type happens when fluid collects underneath the layers of the retina, causing it to separate from the back wall of the eye. This usually occurs in conjunction with another disease affecting the eye that causes swelling or bleeding.

Macular Hole is a problem that affects the very central portion of the retina. The vitreous gel inside the eye is firmly attached to the macula. With age, the vitreous becomes thinner and separates from the retina. Sometimes this creates traction on the macula, causing a hole to form.